Peserta GEGAR VAGANZA 11

Permohonan untuk Kolej Kejuruteraan

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Budgeting Limitations

Budgeting, while essential for financial planning, has several limitations:

1. Inflexibility: Traditional budgets can be rigid, making it challenging to adapt to unexpected changes, like economic shifts or unforeseen expenses. This lack of flexibility may hinder responsive decision-making.

2. Time-Consuming: The budgeting process can be lengthy and resource-intensive, especially in larger organizations where coordination across departments is required. This can delay the implementation of initiatives and response to market dynamics.

3. Assumption Dependence: Budgets rely on assumptions, such as estimated revenues and costs. If these assumptions are inaccurate, the budget may not reflect actual financial needs or realities, leading to poor financial performance.

4. Focus on Short-Term Goals: Budgets often emphasize short-term goals and can overlook long-term strategic objectives. This can result in a misalignment between the budget and the organization's long-term vision.

5. Encourages Underspending or Overspending: Budget holders may rush to spend their allocation to avoid future budget cuts ("use it or lose it"), which can lead to inefficiencies. Conversely, underspending may lead to under-resourcing critical areas.

6. Conflict Among Departments: Competition for limited funds can create tension between departments, impacting teamwork and the overall organizational culture.

7. Difficulty in Measuring Outcomes: Budgeting focuses on financial inputs rather than outcomes, so it may not accurately measure the effectiveness or impact of spending.

8. Risk of Budget Padding: Managers may inflate their budget requests to ensure they have enough funds, which can result in a bloated budget and inefficient resource allocation.

Sajak Traditional Costing

In traditional costing, 

costs are assigned, 

By volume or hours, 

with overheads aligned. 

A simpler method, 

yet less precise, 

Allocating expenses, 

with a generalized device.

From factory overheads to indirect costs, 

Allocated broadly, 

with nuances lost. 

It serves many well, 

though it may not be, 

The most accurate method for costing you see.!

Traditional Costing:

• Basis of Allocation: Volume-based measures like machine hours or labor hours.
• Accuracy: Less accurate for complex processes.
• Cost Drivers: Generalized, often leading to over or under-costing.
• Suitability: Better for simple production environments.

Sajak ABC

Activity-based costing, 

a method that's precise, 

Tracing costs to actions, 

it really is quite nice. 

From overheads to labor, 

each expense is tracked, 

Giving clear insight, 

with no details lacked.

Allocating resources, 

by activities defined, 

Costs assigned to products, 

in a manner refined. 

Understanding where the money goes, 

in every single case, 

ABC brings clarity, 

at a detailed pace!

ABC Costing:

• Basis of Allocation: Specific activities that drive costs.
• Accuracy: More accurate, especially for diverse or complex processes.
• Cost Drivers: Detailed, based on actual activities, reducing the risk of cost distortion.
• Suitability: Ideal for complex environments with varied products or services.

The advantages of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) include:

1. Higher Cost Accuracy: ABC provides a more accurate view of costs by identifying the specific expenses of each activity involved in producing a product or delivering a service. This is more precise than traditional costing methods, which often allocate costs broadly.

2. Efficient Resource Management: Knowing the cost of each activity helps organizations identify areas where resources may be overused, enabling optimization and reduction of waste.

3. More Accurate Pricing: With detailed cost information, companies can set product or service prices more accurately, improving competitiveness and ensuring better profit margins.

4. Supports Strategic Decision-Making: ABC provides detailed and accurate cost data that aid in decisions such as identifying unprofitable products or services, improving processes, or reducing costs.

5. Increases Productivity and Efficiency: By analyzing costs at the activity level, companies can identify and reduce non-value-adding activities, leading to improved processes and overall efficiency.

6. Better Cost Control and Management: ABC allows organizations to evaluate costs based on specific activities, making it easier to control and manage costs in each area.

ABC helps organizations understand how resources are used in manufacturing or service delivery processes, supporting strategic planning and enhancing competitiveness.

Terus menuntut Ilmu

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Real-world examples of the accounting equation in action

Real-world examples of the accounting equation in action

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1. Purchase of Inventory on Credit (Retail Business)

• Transaction: A clothing store purchases inventory worth $10,000 on credit.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Inventory increases by $10,000.
  • Liabilities: Accounts Payable increases by $10,000.
• Result:
  $\text{Assets} = \text{Liabilities} + \text{Equity}$
  $(Inventory +10,000) = (Accounts Payable +10,000) + Equity$

---

2. Loan Taken for Business Expansion (Manufacturing Industry)

• Transaction: A manufacturing company takes a $50,000 loan from the bank to purchase new machinery.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Machinery increases by $50,000.
  • Liabilities: Bank Loan increases by $50,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets +50,000) = (Liabilities +50,000) + Equity$

---

3. Revenue Earned from a Service (Consulting Firm)

• Transaction: A consulting firm provides services worth $5,000 to a client on credit.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Accounts Receivable increases by $5,000.
  • Equity: Retained Earnings (Revenue) increases by $5,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets +5,000) = Liabilities + (Equity +5,000)$

---

4. Payment of Monthly Expenses (Food Delivery Business)

• Transaction: A food delivery company pays $2,000 for rent and $500 for utilities.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash decreases by $2,500.
  • Equity: Retained Earnings (Expenses) decreases by $2,500.
• Result:
  $(Assets -2,500) = Liabilities + (Equity -2,500)$

---

5. Issuance of Shares (Startup or Public Company)

• Transaction: A startup issues new shares and raises $100,000 from investors.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash increases by $100,000.
  • Equity: Share Capital increases by $100,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets +100,000) = Liabilities + (Equity +100,000)$

---

6. Dividend Payment (Publicly Traded Company)

• Transaction: A company declares and pays $10,000 in dividends to shareholders.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash decreases by $10,000.
  • Equity: Retained Earnings decreases by $10,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets -10,000) = Liabilities + (Equity -10,000)$

---

7. Sale of Equipment (Construction Company)

• Transaction: A construction company sells old equipment for $8,000 cash (book value $6,000).
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash increases by $8,000; Equipment decreases by $6,000.
  • Equity: Gain on sale increases Retained Earnings by $2,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets +2,000) = Liabilities + (Equity +2,000)$

---

8. Employee Salary Payment (Hospitality Industry)

• Transaction: A hotel pays $15,000 in salaries for its employees.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash decreases by $15,000.
  • Equity: Retained Earnings (Expenses) decreases by $15,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets -15,000) = Liabilities + (Equity -15,000)$

---

9. Customer Advance Payment (Event Planning Business)

• Transaction: An event planning company receives $3,000 as advance payment for future services.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash increases by $3,000.
  • Liabilities: Unearned Revenue increases by $3,000.
• Result:
  $(Assets +3,000) = (Liabilities +3,000) + Equity$

---

10. Insurance Payment (Real Estate Business)

• Transaction: A real estate company pays $12,000 for one year of insurance coverage in advance.
• Impact on Accounting Equation:
  • Assets: Cash decreases by $12,000, Prepaid Insurance increases by $12,000.
  • Liabilities and Equity: No change.
• Result:
  $(Assets -12,000 + 12,000) = Liabilities + Equity$

10 soalan perbincangan

1. Analisis Sejarah: Bagaimana evolusi organisasi antirasuah seperti Biro Siasatan Negara (BSN) hingga kepada Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM) mencerminkan perubahan pendekatan kerajaan dalam menangani isu rasuah?

2. Kuasa dan Peranan: Jelaskan mengapa SPRM tidak mempunyai kuasa untuk mendakwa dan bagaimana pengasingan kuasa antara SPRM dan Jabatan Peguam Negara mempengaruhi keberkesanan pencegahan rasuah.

3. Pengaruh Strategi Pendidikan: Sejauh manakah keberkesanan program pendidikan masyarakat seperti WIRA ANTIRASUAH dalam menanam budaya integriti dalam kalangan generasi muda?

4. Pengurusan Risiko Rasuah: Analisis strategi SPRM dalam mengesan dan memberi khidmat nasihat untuk menutup ruang dan peluang rasuah dalam sektor awam dan swasta.

5. Cabaran Operasi SPRM: Berdasarkan statistik 2018-2022, apa cabaran terbesar yang dihadapi oleh SPRM dalam menyiasat kes rasuah berskala besar seperti skandal 1MDB dan SRC International?

6. Pemantauan oleh Badan Bebas: Bagaimana peranan lembaga dan panel seperti Panel Penilaian Operasi dan Jawatankuasa Aduan membantu memastikan ketelusan dalam operasi SPRM?

7. Kerjasama Pendidikan dan Integriti: Bagaimana kerjasama antara institusi pendidikan tinggi dan SPRM melalui kursus seperti KIAR dapat meningkatkan tadbir urus dalam kalangan pelajar?

8. Pendekatan Media dan Komunikasi: Apakah peranan media sosial dan saluran komunikasi seperti MACC.fm dalam memperluas capaian SPRM kepada masyarakat?

9. Tindakan Proaktif dalam Integriti: Bagaimana projek rintis seperti Kios Jujur dapat menjadi model bagi penerapan integriti dalam kalangan murid sekolah secara praktikal?

10. Audit dan Tadbir Urus: Apakah kesan laporan Ketua Audit Negara (LKAN) dalam meningkatkan ketelusan dan integriti pengurusan kewangan kerajaan?

10 soalan perbincangan

Berikut adalah 10 soalan perbincangan:

1. Aplikasi Prinsip Etika
   Bagaimana anda boleh mengaplikasikan prinsip integriti dalam kehidupan harian untuk mengelakkan diri daripada terlibat dalam rasuah?

2. Senario Praktikal
   Sekiranya seorang rakan sekerja menerima hadiah daripada pembekal, bagaimana anda akan menangani situasi tersebut tanpa mencetuskan konflik?

3. Tindakan Pencegahan
   Rancang langkah-langkah konkrit yang boleh diambil oleh organisasi untuk mencegah amalan "taktik kontraktor" yang cuba menjalin hubungan baik dengan pegawai tertentu.

4. Keputusan Dilema Etika
   Jika anda berada dalam situasi di mana penerimaan rasuah dianggap normal, apakah tindakan yang anda akan ambil untuk kekal berintegriti tanpa mencetuskan permusuhan?

5. Aplikasi Kepimpinan Melalui Teladan
   Bagaimana seorang pemimpin boleh memberi teladan yang baik dalam memerangi rasuah dan membina budaya kerja berintegriti?

6. Pengurusan Risiko Rasuah
   Apakah strategi yang anda boleh terapkan untuk mengurus risiko rasuah dalam jabatan awam atau sektor swasta?

7. Penerapan Nilai Integriti di Tempat Kerja
   Bagaimanakah penerapan nilai integriti boleh mengubah budaya kerja dan mengurangkan risiko salah guna kuasa dalam organisasi?

8. Pengaruh Sindrom Kecewa
   Apakah kesan psikologi "sindrom kecewa" terhadap seseorang pegawai dan bagaimana anda boleh membantu rakan sekerja mengatasi sindrom tersebut tanpa terjebak dengan rasuah?

9. Analisis Situasi Berulang
   Bagaimanakah anda akan mengatasi cabaran apabila seseorang terus-menerus diuji dengan peluang rasuah dan merasakan sukar untuk menolak secara konsisten?

10. Pembangunan Minda Anti-Rasuah
    Apakah program latihan yang boleh dirangka bagi membantu pegawai kerajaan mengatasi mentaliti "sekali terlepas, selamanya terlepas" dan membina minda anti-rasuah?

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Application

KAJIAN INDEKS KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGI MALAYSIA (PERKHIDMATAN AWAM) TAHUN 2024

Week 3 - Soalan Perbincangan Kumpulan

1. Jelaskan bagaimana prinsip etika dapat mempengaruhi keputusan seseorang dalam situasi di mana terdapat konflik kepentingan.
2. Berdasarkan konsep ‘tone from the top’, terangkan bagaimana kepimpinan berintegriti boleh memberi impak kepada budaya kerja dalam organisasi.
3. Berikan contoh amalan tidak berintegriti dalam pengurusan tender dan cadangkan langkah untuk mencegahnya.
4. Bagaimanakah budaya integriti boleh dibina dalam masyarakat melalui pendidikan dan peranan ibu bapa? Huraikan.
5. Terangkan bagaimana kelemahan sistem dan prosedur boleh membuka ruang kepada amalan rasuah, dan cadangkan penambahbaikan yang boleh dilakukan.
6. Bagaimanakah Pelan Antirasuah Nasional (NACP) boleh membantu memperkukuh integriti sektor awam? Berikan contoh langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil.
7. Jelaskan bagaimana kegagalan kepimpinan dalam menunjukkan integriti boleh menjejaskan prestasi dan reputasi organisasi. Sertakan contoh situasi yang relevan.
8. Apakah peranan pemantauan dan penguatkuasaan dalam memastikan pematuhan terhadap kod etika? Bagaimanakah pemantauan berkesan boleh mengurangkan salah guna kuasa?
9. Analisis bagaimana tekanan kewangan dan pengaruh persekitaran boleh mendorong seseorang untuk terlibat dalam perbuatan tidak berintegriti. Cadangkan pendekatan untuk menangani masalah ini.
10. Huraikan bagaimana penggunaan teknologi boleh menyokong usaha memperkukuh ketelusan dan integriti dalam pengurusan organisasi. Berikan contoh teknologi yang boleh digunakan.

PENGEMASKINIAN MAKLUMAT BAGI LANTIKAN PENYELIA PELAJAR PASCA SISWAZAH

Beli Name tag

Professional Ethics Notes with Examples

1. Objectivity

Definition: The principle of objectivity requires that professionals do not allow bias, conflicts of interest, or undue influence to affect their judgment.

Examples:

Auditor Independence: An external auditor refuses to modify the audit report despite pressure from the client to hide financial irregularities.  

Consultant: A consultant provides data-driven advice rather than recommendations that would personally benefit a stakeholder.  

2. Integrity

Definition: Integrity involves being honest and straightforward in all professional and business relationships.

Examples:

Financial Reporting: An accountant ensures that all transactions are accurately recorded, even if reporting losses could lead to negative feedback from management.  

Procurement Officer: A procurement officer refuses a bribe offered by a supplier to win a contract.  

3. Confidentiality

Definition: Confidentiality requires that professionals do not disclose information obtained during their duties unless authorized or legally required to do so.

Examples:

Auditor: An auditor does not reveal confidential client financial data to competitors or unauthorized parties.  

Human Resources: An HR professional safeguards employee data and does not share personal information with unauthorized persons.  

4. Professional Behavior

Definition: Professionals must comply with laws and regulations and avoid actions that could discredit their profession.

Examples:

Tax Advisor: A tax advisor ensures compliance with tax laws without engaging in unethical tax avoidance schemes.  

Engineer: An engineer ensures safety regulations are followed on construction projects to prevent accidents.  

5. Professional Competence and Due Care

Definition: Professionals must maintain the knowledge and skills necessary to provide competent services and act diligently in accordance with professional standards.

Examples:

Accountant: An accountant stays updated on changes to financial reporting standards to ensure accurate reporting for clients.  

Doctor: A medical professional regularly attends workshops to remain current with new treatments and procedures.  

Application

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Kepentingan KIAR

Kepentingan Kursus Integriti dan Antirasuah (KIAR)  

Kursus Integriti dan Antirasuah (KIAR) memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk masyarakat yang beretika dan berintegriti tinggi serta mencegah gejala rasuah yang boleh merosakkan pelbagai aspek kehidupan. Antara kepentingan utama KIAR adalah seperti berikut:

1. Memupuk Nilai Integriti dan Etika dalam Masyarakat

• Membentuk individu yang berpegang kepada prinsip kejujuran, amanah, dan tanggungjawab dalam menjalankan tugas.
• Menggalakkan budaya etika yang kukuh dalam organisasi dan kehidupan seharian, sekaligus mengurangkan peluang berlakunya penyelewengan.

2. Meningkatkan Tadbir Urus Baik (Good Governance)

• Membantu organisasi dalam sektor awam dan swasta mengamalkan prinsip tadbir urus baik melalui ketelusan dan akauntabiliti.
• Memastikan keputusan yang dibuat adalah bebas daripada unsur rasuah, nepotisme, dan salah guna kuasa.

3. Pencegahan dan Pengurangan Jenayah Rasuah

• Memberikan pengetahuan tentang bentuk-bentuk rasuah dan kesannya, sekali gus meningkatkan kesedaran tentang bahaya jenayah rasuah.
• Mendorong peserta untuk lebih peka dan bertindak dalam melaporkan kegiatan rasuah melalui saluran yang betul.

4. Meningkatkan Keyakinan Awam terhadap Institusi

• Membina kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap sektor awam dan swasta melalui amalan integriti tinggi dan pelaksanaan polisi antirasuah yang ketat.
• Memastikan bahawa keputusan dan perkhidmatan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat adalah berdasarkan merit dan ketelusan.

5. Memacu Pembangunan Ekonomi yang Mampan

• Rasuah memberi kesan buruk kepada ekonomi dengan meningkatkan kos operasi dan mengurangkan pelaburan. KIAR membantu mengurangkan kesan ini melalui pemerkasaan integriti.
• Menarik lebih banyak pelabur asing dan domestik yang yakin dengan sistem pentadbiran bersih dan telus.

6. Membentuk Generasi Berintegriti

• Mendidik generasi muda, khususnya pelajar, tentang kepentingan nilai integriti dan bahaya rasuah sejak awal.
• Mewujudkan masyarakat yang lebih bertanggungjawab dan menjadikan integriti sebagai budaya hidup sepanjang hayat.

7. Menyokong Pematuhan Undang-undang dan Polisi Antirasuah

• Memberi pendedahan tentang undang-undang dan peraturan yang berkaitan dengan rasuah seperti Akta SPRM.
• Membantu organisasi mematuhi piawaian antirasuah nasional dan antarabangsa, seperti ISO 37001 (Sistem Pengurusan Antirasuah).

8. Memperkukuh Sistem Pelaporan dan “Whistleblowing”

• Menggalakkan keberanian dalam melaporkan kes rasuah melalui amalan “whistleblowing” dengan jaminan perlindungan.
• Membantu organisasi mengenal pasti kelemahan sistem kawalan dalaman dan memperbaikinya.

9. Meningkatkan Kualiti Perkhidmatan Awam dan Swasta

• Menggalakkan amalan kerja yang cekap dan profesional dalam sektor awam dan swasta melalui prinsip integriti.
• Memastikan bahawa perkhidmatan yang disampaikan memenuhi standard tinggi tanpa kompromi terhadap etika.

10. Membangunkan Malaysia sebagai Negara Bebas Rasuah

• Usaha kolektif melalui KIAR menyokong aspirasi negara untuk mencapai tahap integriti yang tinggi di peringkat global.
• Membantu Malaysia mencapai kedudukan lebih baik dalam Indeks Persepsi Rasuah (CPI) dan meningkatkan reputasi di mata dunia.

Kesimpulan

KIAR bukan sekadar kursus pendidikan, tetapi satu usaha strategik untuk memperkukuh nilai integriti dan mencegah rasuah di semua peringkat. Ia memberi impak positif terhadap kesejahteraan sosial, perkembangan ekonomi, dan peningkatan kepercayaan awam. Dengan pelaksanaan KIAR secara menyeluruh, masyarakat dan negara boleh bergerak ke arah masa depan yang lebih cerah, adil, dan bebas rasuah.

Kes-kes Rasuah

• Skandal Tehelka.com | Notes | Video |
  
• Kes rasuah Suharto | Notes | Video |
• Skandal rasuah Siemens | Notes | Video | Video |
• Kes rasuah Ferdinand Marcos | Notes | Video |
• Skandal rasuah Rolls Royce | Notes | Video |
• Skandal rasuah Airbus | Notes | Video |
• Bekas Perdana Menteri Bangladesh | Notes | Video |
• Kes rasuah Park Geun-Hye Presiden Korea Selatan | Notes | Video |
• Skandal rasuah Petrobras di Brazil | Notes | Video |
• Skandal rasuah melibatkan FIFA | Notes | Video |
• Aman Shah Si Pencuri 1 sen. | Notes | Video | Video Kisah Sebenar |
• Kes Penjawat Awam | Notes | Notes | Notes | Notes | Notes |

Pengenalan kepada KURSUS INTEGRITI DAN ANTIRASUAH (KIAR)

Kursus Integriti dan Antirasuah (KIAR) diperkenalkan sebagai satu inisiatif pendidikan dan pemerkasaan untuk meningkatkan kesedaran, kefahaman, dan komitmen individu terhadap nilai integriti dan amalan antirasuah. Kursus ini menekankan pentingnya mengamalkan etika dan prinsip integriti dalam kehidupan seharian, terutamanya dalam sektor awam dan swasta, bagi menangani gejala rasuah yang boleh merosakkan sistem sosial, ekonomi, dan pentadbiran.

Objektif Kursus KIAR:

1. Memupuk Kesedaran: Menyedarkan peserta tentang kesan negatif rasuah dan ketidakintegritian terhadap masyarakat dan negara.
2. Mengukuhkan Integriti: Mendorong peserta mengamalkan nilai integriti dalam tugas harian serta kehidupan peribadi.
3. Pencegahan Rasuah: Memberi pengetahuan tentang undang-undang antirasuah dan strategi pencegahan bagi mencegah jenayah ini daripada berlaku.
4. Menggalakkan Etika Profesional: Memupuk amalan etika dalam perkhidmatan awam dan sektor swasta.
5. Menyokong Tadbir Urus Baik: Meningkatkan kesedaran tentang amalan tadbir urus baik (good governance) sebagai asas pentadbiran cekap dan telus.

Komponen Kursus KIAR

1. Konsep Integriti 

   - Definisi dan prinsip integriti  

   - Kepentingan integriti dalam kehidupan individu dan organisasi  

2. Rasuah dan Implikasinya

   - Definisi rasuah dan bentuk-bentuk rasuah  

   - Implikasi sosial, ekonomi, dan politik rasuah  

   - Statistik dan contoh kes-kes rasuah  

3. Undang-undang Berkaitan Antirasuah

   - Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM)  

   - Akta Tatakelakuan dan Etika Awam  

4. Strategi Pencegahan dan Pengurusan Rasuah

   - Tatacara pelaporan kes rasuah  

   - Sistem dan prosedur kawalan dalaman organisasi  

   - Kepentingan “whistleblowing”  

5. Pembentukan Budaya Integriti

   - Kaedah menggalakkan nilai integriti dalam organisasi dan masyarakat  

   - Kepentingan pendidikan dan latihan berterusan  

Pelaksanaan dan Metodologi:

• Kursus ini boleh dijalankan melalui pelbagai pendekatan seperti ceramah, perbincangan kumpulan, simulasi kes, dan kajian kes.  
• Modul e-pembelajaran dan latihan bersemuka juga digunakan untuk meningkatkan interaksi dan kefahaman peserta.  

Sasaran Peserta:

• Pegawai dan kakitangan sektor awam  
• Pegawai dan eksekutif sektor swasta  
• Pelajar institusi pendidikan tinggi  
• Ahli komuniti dan organisasi bukan kerajaan (NGO)  

Kesimpulan

Kursus Integriti dan Antirasuah (KIAR) adalah komponen penting dalam usaha mencegah dan membanteras rasuah di Malaysia. Pendidikan berterusan dan pendedahan kepada amalan integriti perlu dijadikan budaya bagi memastikan kemajuan negara dapat dicapai secara mampan dan seimbang.

Tutorial

Exercise 1

Ahmad owns a bakery and incurs the following costs every month:

• Raw materials (flour, sugar, eggs): RM3,000
• Rent for the shop: RM2,000
• Wages for employees involved in production: RM1,500
• Advertisement expense for social media campaigns: RM500

Based on the above, classify the given costs into:

Product costs

Raw materials (flour, sugar, eggs): RM3,000

Wages for employees involved in production: RM1,500

Period costs

Rent for the shop: RM2,000
Advertisement expense for social media campaigns: RM500

Fixed costs

Rent for the shop: RM2,000

Variable costs

Raw materials (flour, sugar, eggs): RM3,000

Wages for employees involved in production: RM1,500

Advertisement expense for social media campaigns: RM500

Exercise 2

A manager must choose between two suppliers.

Supplier A offers 

raw materials at RM50 per unit, 

Supplier B offers them at 

RM45 per unit with a minimum order of 1,000 units. 

Calculate the total cost for each supplier and recommend the more cost-effective option for an order of 1,000 units.

Supplier A: 1,000 × RM50 = RM50,000
Supplier B: 1,000 × RM45 = RM45,000 

Recommendation: Choose Supplier B, as the total cost is RM45,000.

Exercise 3

A company must decide whether to shut down a department due to high overhead costs. 

What type of cost information would be relevant in making this decision? Provide examples.

Staff salaries 
Overhead allocations 

Equipment maintenance specific to the department

Week 1

1. What type of information does management accounting provide?
2. What is the main purpose of cost accounting?

What type of information does management accounting provide? (student's response)

• budgeting and financial planning
• Decision-Making Support
• financial information to manager
• information planning
• Risk management
• Financial information to make a decision and improve performance
• Cost Control
• Operational report
• Performance measurement
• Forecasting?
• strategic planning
• business operations
• operating activities , KPI reporting
• Profitability analysis
• Internal Reporting
• financial and non financial information

Both financial and non-financial information to assist managers in decision-making.

What is the main purpose of cost accounting? (student's response)

• Pricing decisions
• helps organization evaluate the costs
• optimizing resource use
• improve profitability
• to provide detailed cost information that helps management control current operations and plan for the future
• Systematically record
• Inventory Valuation
• Minimize Production Costs
• reduce the chance of going over budget
• informs pricing decisions to ensure profitability
• Identify and manage costs to enhance efficiency and profitability.
• identify all variable and fixed costs
• determine cost of goods manufactured
• To identify all variable and fixed costs in production process
• performance evaluation
• Budgeting and planning
• to helps organizations evaluate the costs associated with manufacturing a product or providing a service

To analyze, interpret, and summarize cost data to assist in solving management problems.

Grouping

Melati

Power Rangers

Aida, Syahira, Bashirah, Amirah(leader) & Nasuha

Bunga

AininaFazlina, Dhiya khalisa, Damia syamimi, Ainul Karmila & Nurul syuhada

Visionary

Fahimah, Zety, Zahirah, Izlin & Aisyah

Tulips

Rabia'tul, Balqis, Qasrina & Izzat

AAMIESA

KIAST

Aqmar, Saffa, Emmi, Danish & Shahmir