|
Strategi |
Fokus
Utama |
Bukti
yang Perlu Dikumpul |
|
Kecemerlangan pengajaran |
Inovasi PdP, OBE, teknologi
pembelajaran |
Maklum balas pelajar, bahan PdP,
laporan CQI, pencapaian CLO/PLO |
|
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Jurnal berindeks, sitasi, niche
penyelidikan |
Artikel, DOI, indeks
Scopus/WoS/MyCite, sitasi |
|
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output projek |
|
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program, testimoni |
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profesional |
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kolaborasi |
|
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jawatankuasa |
Surat lantikan, minit mesyuarat,
output jawatankuasa |
|
Dokumentasi sistematik |
Fail kenaikan pangkat lengkap |
Portfolio akademik, bukti
tersusun, naratif pencapaian |
|
Mentor dan semakan awal |
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berpengalaman |
Maklum balas mentor, pelan
tindakan kerjaya |
Prof Madya Dr. Mohamad Azmi Nias Ahmad
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05 Mei 2026
Strategi Pensyarah untuk Naik Pangkat
01 Mei 2026
Practical Exercise
Learners have learned how to:
- understand the spreadsheet interface
- enter and correct data
-
use formulas and functions such as
SUM,AVERAGE,MIN,MAX, andMEDIAN - edit and format worksheets
- create charts
- minimum average
- maximum average
- median average
- overall class average
- Using your own creativity - Interesting and yet professional
Creating a Chart
- Column chart: compares values
- Bar chart: compares categories
- Pie chart: shows proportions
- Line chart: shows trends over time
- Select the data.
- Click Insert.
- Choose a chart type.
- Add a chart title.
- Edit labels if needed.
Editing and formatting a worksheet
- insert rows or columns
- delete rows or columns
- copy and paste data
- cut and move data
- rename sheet tabs
- bold text
- change font size
- change text color
- fill cell color
- add borders
- center align text
- format numbers as currency, percentage, or date
- make headings bold
- add borders to the table
- highlight headings with color
- format prices as currency
- adjust column width
- Make the headings bold.
- Change the heading row color.
- Add borders to all cells.
- Format the Price and Total columns as currency.
- Center-align the headings.
- Rename the sheet tab as Sales Data.
Using formulas and functions (min, max, median, average, sum)
- Total marks: =SUM(B2:B6)
- Average marks: =AVERAGE(B2:B6)
- Minimum marks: =MIN(B2:B6)
- Maximum marks: =MAX(B2:B6)
- Median marks: =MEDIAN(B2:B6)
- Total marks
- Average marks
- Highest marks
- Lowest marks
- Median marks
Entering and Correcting Data
- Click on a cell.
- Type the data.
- Press Enter.
- Text: names, subjects, items
- Numbers: marks, prices, quantities
- Dates: 12/4/2026
- Formulas: =A1+B1
Spreadsheet Interface What is a Spreadsheet?
- Microsoft Excel
- Numbers
- Google Sheets
- LibreOffice Calc
Example:
- A1 = Column A, Row 1
- C5 = Column C, Row 5
- Workbook
- Worksheet
- Row
- Column
- Cell A1
- Formula bar
- Sheet tabs
- Toolbar or ribbon
- Task
- the cell in column C and row 5
- the cell in column A and row 10
- the cell in column E and row 2
Step-by-Step Guide with Exercises: Introduction to Spreadsheets
- identify the main parts of a spreadsheet interface
- enter and correct data
- use basic formulas and functions
- edit and format a worksheet
- create a chart
30 April 2026
29 April 2026
27 April 2026
25 April 2026
24 April 2026
23 April 2026
Summary
Summary
The operating system is the core software of a computer.
It helps users:
- interact with the device,
- run applications,
- manage files and memory,
- process input into output,
- keep the system working smoothly and securely.
Key terms to remember
- Operating System (OS)
- GUI
- Icon
- Menu
- Dialog box
- RAM
- Virtual memory
- Paging
- Input
- Output
- Buffer
- Spooling
- Multitasking
- Foreground
- Background
- Desktop OS
- Server OS
- Mobile OS
Revision questions
- What is an operating system?
- State three functions of an operating system.
- What is the difference between RAM and virtual memory?
- What does multitasking mean?
- Give two examples of desktop operating systems.
- What is the difference between foreground and background programs?
Features of some operating systems
Windows
- widely used,
- supports many applications and devices,
- includes built-in tools and services.
macOS
- used on Apple computers,
- user-friendly and stable,
- works well with other Apple devices.
UNIX
- a multitasking operating system,
- often used in technical and server environments.
Linux
- based on UNIX,
- popular for servers and technical users,
- available in many versions called distributions.
Chrome OS
- based on Linux,
- designed mainly for web apps,
- commonly used on Chromebooks.
Multiuser operating system
A multiuser operating system allows two or more users to run programs at the same time.
This is commonly used in:
- servers,
- organizations,
- networked systems.
Foreground and background
Foreground
The active program currently being used.
Background
Programs that are running but are not currently being used directly.
Example:
- Microsoft Word that you are typing in = foreground
- antivirus scanning quietly = background
Multitasking and single-tasking
Single-tasking operating system
Allows only one program or app at a time.
Multitasking operating system
Allows two or more programs or apps to run at the same time.
Most modern operating systems are multitasking.
Example:
You can:
- open Google Chrome,
- listen to music,
-
type in Microsoft Word
at the same time.
Buffer and spooling
Buffer
A buffer is an area of memory that stores data temporarily while waiting to be sent to an input or output device.
Spooling
Spooling means placing data into a buffer.
Example:
When you print many pages:
- the data waits in the buffer,
- the printer prints the pages one by one.
Input and output
Input
Input is any data or instruction entered into a computer.
Examples:
- keyboard,
- mouse,
- touch screen,
- microphone.
Output
Output is the processed information produced by the computer.
Examples:
- screen display,
- printer,
- speakers.
Simple flow:
Input → Processing → Output
Example:
You type words on a keyboard (input), the computer processes them, and the words appear on the screen (output).
RAM and virtual memory
RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary memory that stores open apps, data, and instructions while the device is running.
Important points:
- More RAM usually means better performance.
- RAM is used when programs are open and active.
Virtual memory
If RAM is not enough, the OS can use part of the storage medium as virtual memory.
Paging
Example:
- RAM = work desk
- Storage = cupboard
- Virtual memory = extra temporary space when the desk is full
How an operating system works
- manages the interaction between hardware and software,
- controls the use of memory,
- handles input and output,
- helps process instructions correctly.
Operating system functions
3. Main functions of an operating system
The operating system performs many important tasks, such as:
- starting and shutting down the computer or device,
- managing programs and apps,
- managing memory,
- coordinating tasks,
- configuring devices,
- establishing an Internet connection,
- providing file management,
- updating the operating system software,
- monitoring security,
- controlling network access.
Simple understanding:
The OS makes sure the computer works in an organized, efficient, and secure way.
4. The role of the OS when using a computer
When you use a computer to do work, the OS helps you:
- start a word processing program,
- open a file,
- add information to the document,
- save the file,
- store the file location so you can access it later.
Example:
When you open Microsoft Word and type an assignment:
- the OS runs the program,
- the OS manages memory,
- the OS helps save the file to storage.
5. User interface
The operating system provides ways for users to interact with the computer.
Important terms:
GUI (Graphical User Interface)
A visual way of interacting with a device using icons, buttons, menus, and images.
Icon
A small picture that represents a program, file, or command.
Button
A graphic you click to perform a command.
Menu
A list of related commands or options.
Submenu
A list of additional commands connected to a selected menu item.
Shortcut menu
A list of commonly used commands related to an object.
Dialog box
A box that shows options or asks for input from the user.
6. Controls in a dialog box
A dialog box may contain:
-
Option buttons (radio buttons)
Allow the user to choose one option only. -
Check boxes
Allow a yes/no choice. -
List boxes
Show a list of options for selection.
Example:
In print settings:
- choose page orientation using an option button,
- choose black-and-white printing using a check box,
- choose paper size from a list box.
Types of operating systems
1. What is an operating system?
An operating system (OS) is the main software that manages and controls a computer or mobile device.
In simple words, the OS is like the manager of the whole computer system.
Examples of operating systems:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
- Chrome OS
2. Why is an operating system important?
Without an operating system:
- the computer cannot work properly,
- applications cannot run,
- users cannot easily interact with the device.
The operating system acts as a bridge between hardware, software, and the user.
2026 05 20-22 Program Pemerkasaan Komuniti Melalui Pemindahan Ilmu: Kolaborasi Strategik Fakulti Perakaunan UiTM Cawangan Pahang dan JKR CKE Pahang
2026 04 20 Matlamat - Prof Madya Azmi Nias