Firm-wide safeguards
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Different partners/teams for audit and non-audit services.
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Policies to monitor independence.
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Engagement-specific safeguards
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Disclose non-audit services and fees to those charged with governance.
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Rotate senior staff on the audit.
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Safeguards within the client’s systems
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Client has competent staff to make their own decisions (not fully relying on auditor).
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Example
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If the audit partner has a self-interest threat (e.g. close family in client), the firm may replace that partner with another partner who has no conflict → this is a safeguard.
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