2026 06 29 DRP AC950 - Tengku Zainal Fitri Tengku Mohamed Fauzi

2026 06 27 PELANTIKAN EN. MUKHRIZ BIN MOHAMED SEBAGAI AHLI JAWATANKUASA INDUK NAAM SESI 2026–2029

KUALA LUMPUR, 27 Jun 2026 – En. Mukhriz bin Mohamed, Penolong Pegawai Sukan Kanan (S6), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pahang, telah dilantik sebagai Ahli Jawatankuasa Induk Persatuan Memanah Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAAM) bagi sesi 2026–2029.

Pelantikan ini dibuat bersempena Mesyuarat Agong Tahunan Kali Ke-50 Persatuan Memanah Kebangsaan Malaysia yang berlangsung di Hotel Maluri, Kuala Lumpur. Mesyuarat tersebut menjadi platform penting dalam menentukan kepimpinan baharu NAAM serta memperkukuh hala tuju pembangunan sukan memanah negara bagi tempoh tiga tahun akan datang.

Untuk rekod, En. Mukhriz bin Mohamed sebelum ini telah diberi kepercayaan dalam Jawatankuasa Teknikal & Pertandingan NAAM, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam aspek pengurusan teknikal, penyelarasan pertandingan dan pemantapan standard penganjuran kejohanan memanah. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi sesi 2026–2029, portfolio khusus ahli jawatankuasa masih belum ditetapkan.

Pelantikan En. Mukhriz bin Mohamed sebagai Ahli Jawatankuasa Induk NAAM merupakan satu pengiktirafan terhadap pengalaman, komitmen dan sumbangan beliau dalam pembangunan sukan memanah, khususnya melalui penglibatan aktif dalam aspek teknikal, penganjuran kejohanan dan pembangunan ekosistem memanah di peringkat negeri serta kebangsaan.

Turut hadir dalam mesyuarat tersebut sebagai perwakilan Persatuan Memanah Negeri Pahang ialah Presidennya, Prof. Madya Dr. Mohamad Azmi Nias Ahmad, En Mukhriz Mohamed dan En Fauzy Musa. 

Mesyuarat Agong Tahunan Kali Ke-50 ini turut membawa makna besar kepada warga memanah negara kerana ia menandakan kesinambungan usaha NAAM dalam memperkukuh struktur kepimpinan, meningkatkan kualiti penganjuran kejohanan, memperkasakan pembangunan bakat serta memperluas kerjasama strategik bersama persatuan negeri, institusi pendidikan, agensi sukan dan komuniti memanah.

Tahniah diucapkan kepada En. Mukhriz bin Mohamed atas pelantikan ini. Semoga amanah yang diberikan dapat dilaksanakan dengan penuh dedikasi, integriti dan profesionalisme demi kemajuan sukan memanah Malaysia.

Kelas akhir semester 2 OUM

Collusion between employees

Two or more employees work together to hide the fraud.

Example:
One person steals cash, while another person prepares a false bank reconciliation.

Why difficult to detect:

Internal controls may appear to be working, but they are being bypassed by people working together.

Talent pool - Done

Group Progress ACC1102E

1. The Click - 70%
2. El Biccho - 100%
3. Spritzer - 80%
4. The Circle - 100% 
5. Error 160 - 80% 
6. Hatta (NVX😂) - 100%

Hukuman Hatta - Lagu Cinta Setandan Pisang (Eda Ezrin & Den Manjo)

Passport photo - Lelaki

Create a passport photo using this face 100% without any change. The body and face must be facing the camera with studio lighting. The background must be solid blue color exactly #007BFF. Put a blazer on him.

Passport photo - Perempuan

Create a passport photo using this face 100% without any change. The body and face must be facing the camera with studio lighting. The background must be solid blue color exactly #007BFF. Put a blazer on her. The hijab should be in the blazeer 

SIRI WACANA KURSI INSTITUSI RAJA-RAJA MELAYU BIL.5/ 2026

SIRI WACANA KURSI INSTITUSI RAJA-RAJA MELAYU BIL.5/ 2026

PERANAN MEDIA SOSIAL DALAM PEMERKASAAN KEFAHAMAN AWAM TERHADAP INTITUSI RAJA-RAJA MELAYU

Tarikh: 24 Jun 2026 (Rabu)

Masa: 10.00 - 11.30 pagi

Youtube:

https://www.youtube.com/live/8wPgvOTzwEM?si=kstnV7kTRYD7e1du

OUM - Done

Applied

Jom tonton Final

Group Progress ACC1102G

1. Anom - 70% ✅✅
2. Tak ingat 2 (Ais Achievers😅)...... - 50% ✅❌
3. Brainstrooper ...... - 60% ✅✅
4. J World Wide - 60% ✅✅
5. Carry Ball (Disaster Crew😅) - 50% ✅❌
6. Set Katang - 50% ✅✅

Hukaman Ais Achievers - (Lagu Lemak Manis - Roslan Madun)

Hukuman Disaster Crew (Lagu Golimaar - Indian Michael Jackson)

Group Progress ACC1102F

1. The Axis - 40% ✅✅
2. GLORY MAN U (Manchester is Red 😆)- 80% ✅❌
3. EG5 (Excellence Girllies 😅)- 30% ✅❌
4. THE SYA'S - 70% ✅✅
5. FR3A - 60% ✅✅
6. SYWAN - 60% ✅✅

Hukuman - Manchester is Red (Lagu Adek Saye Abe Sore - Eda Ezrin & Den Manjo )

Hukuman - Excellence Girllies (Lagu Makwe Koi · Putra)

Lab Test - AC1102G

Lab Test - AC1102F

Lab Test - AC1102E

Restore, maintain face and 8K

Restore this old photo while keeping it realistic and true to the original. Reduce noise and film grain, fix blur, improve sharpness and micro-detail (eyes, hair, fabric), correct faded colors, balance exposure and contrast, remove minor scratches/dust/stains, and recover detail in shadows and highlights. Keep the same composition, faces, identity, and natural skin texture—do not change facial features or add/remove objects. Output 8K

Key Terms

 

Term	Meaning
Cash audit	Audit procedures performed to verify cash balance
Bank reconciliation	Comparison between bank statement and cash book
Deposits in transit	Cash received and recorded but not yet shown in bank statement
Outstanding cheque	Cheque issued but not yet cleared by the bank
Skimming	Stealing cash before recording it
Lapping	Hiding stolen cash by delaying customer payment records
Kiting	Overstating cash by manipulating transfers between bank accounts
Proof of cash	Audit schedule used to check cash receipts and payments
Cutoff	Ensuring transactions are recorded in the correct accounting period
Petty cash	Small cash fund for minor expenses

Audit of Imprest Petty Cash

 Petty cash is usually small, but auditors may still check it because it can be misused.

Important controls over petty cash include:

• One person should be responsible for the petty cash fund.
• Petty cash should be kept separately from other cash.
• There should be a maximum limit for each petty cash payment.
• The total petty cash fund should be fixed.
• Only approved types of expenses can be paid using petty cash.
• Every petty cash payment should have a pre-numbered petty cash voucher.
• The voucher should be approved by a responsible officer.
• Actual cash plus unreimbursed petty cash vouchers should equal the petty cash fund amount in the general ledger.

Example:
Petty cash fund = RM500
Actual cash in box = RM120
Petty cash vouchers = RM380
Total = RM500

This means the petty cash fund balances correctly.

Test of Interbank Transfers

 This test is used to detect kiting.

The auditor checks whether the recording dates for cash disbursement and cash receipt are in the same financial year.

Important rule:
The disbursement and receipt of the same transfer must be recorded in the same fiscal year.

If the receipt is recorded before year-end but the disbursement is recorded after year-end, it may indicate kiting.

Example of Kiting

Assume the company transfers RM10,000 from Account A to Account B.

Before year-end:

• Account B records RM10,000 as received.
• Account A has not yet recorded the deduction.

At 31 December, the accounts show:

Account	Balance Effect
Account A	RM10,000 still shown
Account B	RM10,000 added
Total shown	RM20,000
Actual cash	RM10,000

This means the company appears to have more cash than it actually has.

Proof of Cash

 Proof of cash is used when there are material internal control weaknesses in cash.

It helps the auditor determine whether:

1. All recorded cash receipts were deposited.
2. All bank deposits were recorded.
3. All recorded cash payments were paid by the bank.
4. All payments made by the bank were recorded.

Extended Test of Bank Reconciliation

This is performed when the auditor believes the year-end bank reconciliation may be intentionally misstated.

The auditor checks whether transactions before and after year-end are correctly included or excluded.

Purpose : The auditor wants to ensure that:

• Cash receipts before year-end are properly recorded before year-end.
• Cash payments before year-end are properly recorded before year-end.
• Transactions after year-end are not wrongly included in the current year.

There is no manipulation such as:

• window dressing,
• kiting,
• delaying payments,
• recording receipts in the wrong period,
• misstating outstanding cheques or deposits in transit.

Test of Bank Reconciliation

 The auditor checks whether the bank reconciliation is properly prepared.

The auditor examines:

• Bank balance
• Cash book balance
• Deposits in transit
• Outstanding cheques
• Bank charges
• Errors
• Other reconciling items

Cutoff Bank Statement

 A cutoff bank statement is a short-period bank statement after year-end, usually covering 7 to 10 days after the reporting date.

The auditor uses it to check whether year-end reconciling items are genuine.

Example:
If the year-end date is 31 December 2023, the auditor may request a bank statement from 1 January to 10 January 2024.

Bank Confirmation

 The auditor sends a confirmation request directly to the bank. The bank confirms the client’s cash balance, loan balance, or other financial information.

If the bank does not reply, the auditor should send a second request or ask the client to contact the bank.

Audit of the General Cash Account

 The general cash account has high audit risk because cash is easy to steal or manipulate.

Important controls over the general cash account include:

• Proper segregation of duties between cheque signing and accounts payable.
• Cheques should be signed only by authorised persons.
• Use of pre-numbered cheques.
• Supporting documents must be reviewed before cheques are signed.
• Bank reconciliation should be prepared monthly by an independent person.

The purpose of bank reconciliation is to ensure that the accounting records agree with the actual cash balance in the bank after considering reconciling items.

Common Substantive Tests for Cash

 

Substantive Test	Main Audit Objective
Obtain analysis of cash balances and reconcile to general ledger	Accuracy
Send bank confirmation to banks	Existence and rights
Obtain bank reconciliation	Existence and accuracy
Obtain bank cutoff statement	Cut-off and completeness
Count cash on hand	Existence
Verify cash transaction cut-off	Existence, rights, and completeness
Analyse bank transfers around year-end	Detect kiting
Investigate payments to related parties	Fraud risk and disclosure
Evaluate presentation and disclosure	Proper reporting

Designing Substantive Tests of Cash

 Substantive tests are audit procedures used to obtain evidence about the correctness of cash balances.

Management has two main concerns about cash:

1. To protect cash from unauthorised use.
2. To maintain enough cash, but not excessive cash.

Although bank reconciliation can detect many errors, cash is still risky because of its liquid nature.

Internal Controls Over Cash - Physical Controls

 Cash and cheques should be kept securely.

Examples of physical controls:

• Keep cash in a locked safe.
• Limit access to authorised staff only.
• Use passwords for accounting systems.
• Use two-factor authentication for online banking.
• Keep cheque books in a secure place.

Internal Controls Over Cash - Bank Reconciliation

 The company should compare the bank statement with the cash book regularly.

Bank reconciliation helps detect:

• Unrecorded bank charges
• Outstanding cheques
• Deposits in transit
• Errors by the bank
• Errors by the company

Internal Controls Over Cash - Segregation of Duties

 Different people should handle different cash-related tasks.

For example:

Duty	Person Responsible
Receiving cash	Cashier
Recording cash	Accounts clerk
Bank reconciliation	Independent staff
Approving payment	Manager

This reduces the chance of fraud because one person does not control the whole process.

Internal Controls Over Cash - Authorization of Transactions

 All cash payments and receipts should be approved by authorised personnel.

Example:
Only the finance manager can approve cheque payments above RM5,000.

Fraud Risks in Cash - Kiting

 Kiting happens when money is transferred between bank accounts to overstate the cash balance.

Simple explanation:
The same cash appears to exist in two bank accounts at the same time.

Example:
Before year-end, RM10,000 is recorded as received in Bank B, but it has not yet been deducted from Bank A. The company appears to have RM20,000, but the real cash is only RM10,000.

Fraud Risks in Cash - Fictitious Disbursement

 This happens when fake expenses are recorded to hide cash theft.

Example:
An employee creates a fake supplier invoice and issues payment to their own bank account.

Fraud Risks in Cash - Lapping

 Lapping is hiding cash theft by delaying the recording of customer payments.

Example:
Cash received from Customer A is stolen. Later, cash received from Customer B is used to cover Customer A’s account.

Fraud Risks in Cash - Skimming

 Skimming is stealing cash before it is recorded in the accounting records.

Example:
A cashier receives RM500 from a customer but does not issue a receipt and keeps the money.

Risk of Material Misstatement - Window Dressing

 A material misstatement means an error or fraud that is serious enough to affect the financial statements.

Possible misstatements in cash include:

2. Window Dressing

Window dressing happens when management tries to make the company look financially stronger than it actually is.

Example:
A director repays a loan to the company just before year-end, so the cash balance looks higher. Then, after year-end, the director borrows the money again.

Risk of Material Misstatement - Timing Error

 A material misstatement means an error or fraud that is serious enough to affect the financial statements.

Possible misstatements in cash include:

1. Timing Error

A cash receipt or payment is recorded in the wrong accounting period.

Example:
Cash received on 2 January 2024 is wrongly recorded as received on 31 December 2023.

Risks Related to Cash - Inherent Risk

 Inherent risk means the risk that an error or fraud may happen because of the nature of the business or transaction.

Cash has high inherent risk because it is easy to steal and easy to manipulate.

Inherent risk is higher when there is:

Situation	Explanation
High judgment	Staff may make wrong decisions when recording transactions
Estimates	Some cash-related amounts may require estimates
Complexity	Large businesses with many branches or subsidiaries may record cash incorrectly

Auditor’s Objectives When Auditing Cash - Presentation and Disclosure

 The auditor checks whether cash is properly presented in the financial statements.

Example:
Restricted cash, compensating balances, or sinking funds should be properly disclosed.

Auditor’s Objectives When Auditing Cash - Accuracy

 The auditor checks whether the cash balance is recorded at the correct amount.

Example:
The bank statement shows RM50,000, but the general ledger shows RM55,000. The auditor must investigate the difference.

Auditor’s Objectives When Auditing Cash - Rights

 The auditor checks whether the company has legal rights to the cash.

Example:
Cash in the company’s bank account belongs to the company, but restricted cash may not be freely used.

Auditor’s Objectives When Auditing Cash - Completeness

 The auditor checks whether all cash transactions have been recorded.

Example:
If the company received RM8,000 from a customer, the auditor checks whether it was recorded in the cash book and general ledger.

Auditor’s Objectives When Auditing Cash - Existence

 The auditor checks whether the recorded cash actually exists.

Example:
If the company records RM100,000 cash in bank, the auditor checks whether the bank confirms that the money exists.

Why Cash Is Important in Audit

 Cash is important because:

• It is involved in almost all business cycles.
• It is highly liquid and easy to misuse.
• It is more exposed to theft than many other assets.
• A wrong cash balance can affect users’ understanding of the company’s financial position.
• Management may manipulate cash balances to make the business look stronger.

Cash Equivalents

 Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that can be easily converted into cash.

Examples:

• Time deposits
• Certificates of deposit
• Money market funds

They usually have low risk and short maturity periods.

Imprest Petty Cash Fund

 Petty cash is not a bank account. It is a small amount of cash kept for minor expenses.

Examples of petty cash payments:

• Parking fees
• Photocopy charges
• Small stationery purchases
• Courier fees

The petty cash fund should have a fixed amount, and all spending must be supported by receipts or petty cash vouchers.

Branch Bank Account

 A branch bank account is used by branch offices. It helps the branch manage local cash transactions while still allowing the company to centralise control.

Example:
A company with branches in Kuantan, Temerloh, and Shah Alam may allow each branch to maintain its own bank account.

Imprest Account

 An imprest account is a fixed-balance cash account. The company maintains a certain amount of money in the account and replenishes it when needed.

One example is an imprest payroll account, which is used to control salary payments.

General Cash Account

 The general cash account is the main cash account of the business. Most cash receipts and cash payments pass through this account. It is the focal point of cash transactions.

Example:
Customer pays RM5,000 into the company bank account. The payment is recorded in the general cash account.

Introduction to Cash Audit

Cash is one of the most important accounts in an audit because almost every business transaction affects cash. Money comes into the business through sales, loans, disposal of assets, or capital introduced by owners. Money goes out through purchases, payroll, payment of liabilities, and buying assets.

Cash is considered high risk because it is easy to steal, misuse, or manipulate. Unlike inventory or equipment, cash does not need to be converted into another form before it can be used. Therefore, auditors must pay close attention to cash balances and cash transactions.

In auditing cash, the auditor must check two important things:

1. Whether the bank reconciliation is correct.
2. Whether the cash recorded in the general ledger reflects all actual cash transactions during the year.

Audit of Cash Balances

1. Introduction to Cash Audit
2. Types of Cash Accounts
• General Cash Account
• Imprest Account
• Branch Bank Account
• Imprest Petty Cash Fund
• Cash Equivalents
3. Why Cash Is Important in Audit
4. Auditor’s Objectives When Auditing Cash
• Existence
• Completeness
• Rights
• Accuracy
• Presentation and Disclosure
5. Risks Related to Cash
• Inherent Risk
• Risk of Material Misstatement
• Timing Error
• Window Dressing
6. Fraud Risks in Cash (Sometimes difficult to detect). Internal controls may appear to be working, but they are being bypassed by people working together.
• Skimming
• Lapping
• Fictitious Disbursement
• Kiting
• Collusion between employees
7. Internal Controls (IC) Over Cash
• Authorization of Transactions
• Segregation of Duties
• Bank Reconciliation
• Physical Controls
8. Designing Substantive Tests of Cash
9. Common Substantive Tests for Cash
10. Audit of the General Cash Account
11. Important Audit Procedures for General Cash Account
• Bank Confirmation
• Cutoff Bank Statement
• Test of Bank Reconciliation
12. Fraud-Oriented Procedures - when the auditor suspects fraud/weak IC
• Extended Test of Bank Reconciliation
• Proof of Cash
• Test of Interbank Transfers
13. Audit of Imprest Petty Cash
14. Key Terms

Benar bak dikata.

Hadir dengan jayanya

Tanggungjawab kepada Negara telah ditunaikan

Applied - Pertimbangan Penugasan Pengawasan Peperiksaan Julai 2026

Applied

Done Applied

Done untuk pagi ini

Projek lepas subuh

Jom support program pelajar

Summary

 

Keywords

• Cybercrime
• Malware
• Social Engineering
• Firewall
• VPN
• Backup
• Authentication
• Biometrics
• 2FA
• Encryption
• Privacy
• Green Computing
• Disaster Recovery
• Digital Inclusion

Digital Inclusion

 Digital inclusion ensures everyone has access to digital technologies regardless of background.

Goals

• Access to education
• Employment opportunities
• Government services
• Healthcare information

---

Barriers

Barrier	Example
Geographic limitations	Rural areas without Internet
Cost	Expensive devices
Government restrictions	Limited access
Lack of education	Low digital literacy

Disaster Recovery Planning

A disaster recovery plan helps organisations restore operations after disruptions.

---

Components

Emergency Plan

Immediate response procedures.

Backup Plan

Protects important data.

Recovery Plan

Restores systems.

Test Plan

Ensures plans work effectively.

Organisational Policies for Safety

Organisations implement policies to ensure safe technology use.

---

Code of Conduct

Guidelines on acceptable technology behaviour.

Examples:

• No cyberbullying.
• No illegal downloads.
• Respect intellectual property.

---

Content Filtering

Restricts access to inappropriate websites.

Examples:

• Gambling sites
• Adult content
• Harmful websites

---

Employee Monitoring

Employers may monitor:

• Email usage
• Internet browsing
• Productivity

Protecting Personal Information

Students should:

✓ Think before posting online.

✓ Review privacy settings.

✓ Avoid sharing sensitive details.

✓ Use strong passwords.

✓ Monitor financial transactions.

✓ Report suspicious activities.

Information Privacy

 Information privacy refers to controlling how personal information is collected and used.

---

Authentication

Verifying that users are genuine.

Methods

a) Password

Secret characters known only to users.

---

b) Biometrics

Uses unique body characteristics.

Examples:

• Fingerprint
• Face recognition
• Iris scan
• Voice recognition

---

c) Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

Combines two methods.

Example:

Password + SMS code.

Benefit

Provides stronger security.

---

d) CAPTCHA

Distinguishes humans from automated programs.

Example:

Typing distorted letters shown on screen.

---

e) Encryption

Converts readable information into coded information.

Only authorized users can decrypt it.

Wireless Security

 

Risks of Public Wi-Fi

Public Wi-Fi may expose users to:

• Data theft
• Malware attacks
• Unauthorized monitoring

---

Safety Tips

✓ Use trusted networks

✓ Avoid online banking on public Wi-Fi

✓ Use strong Wi-Fi passwords

✓ Enable encryption

✓ Update router settings

✓ Secure router location

Access Controls and Backup

Access Control

Limits who can access information.

Examples:

• User accounts
• Passwords
• Permissions

---

Audit Trail

Records activities performed in a system.

Examples:

• Login attempts
• Data modifications

Purpose:

• Monitoring
• Investigation

---

Backup

Copies of important data.

Types of Backup

Backup Type	Meaning
Full Backup	Copies everything
Differential Backup	Copies changes since full backup
Incremental Backup	Copies changes since last backup
Selective Backup	User chooses files
Continuous Backup	Real-time backup

Secure IT: Protect Yourself and Your Data

 

Digital Footprint

A record of everything you do online.

Examples:

• Social media posts
• Comments
• Online purchases
• Search history

Important

Digital footprints are difficult to erase permanently.

---

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A VPN creates a secure connection over public networks.

Benefits

• Protects transmitted data
• Enhances privacy
• Allows secure remote access

---

Firewall

A security system that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Purpose

• Blocks unauthorized access
• Protects sensitive information

Protecting Against Malware

 Good security practices include:

✓ Install antivirus software

✓ Use firewalls

✓ Avoid suspicious emails

✓ Download software carefully

✓ Scan USB drives

✓ Backup data regularly

✓ Keep software updated

Internet and Network Attacks

 

Malware

Malware means malicious software designed to harm computers.

---

Types of Malware

Malware	Description
Adware	Displays advertisements
Ransomware	Locks files and demands payment
Rootkit	Hides malicious activities
Spyware	Secretly collects information
Trojan Horse	Disguised as legitimate software
Virus	Replicates and damages systems

---

Botnet

A group of infected computers controlled remotely.

These computers are called:

Zombie computers

Used to attack other systems.

---

Denial-of-Service (DoS)

Overloads a server so legitimate users cannot access services.

Distributed DoS (DDoS)

Many infected devices attack simultaneously.

---

Spoofing

Pretending to be someone else.

Examples

• Fake email addresses
• Fake IP addresses

Ethics and Society

 

Ethics

Ethics are standards that determine whether actions are right or wrong.

Technology ethics guide responsible use of:

• Computers
• Smartphones
• Information systems

---

Information Accuracy

Information should be:

• Correct
• Reliable
• Complete
• Up-to-date

Example

Editing photos to spread false information is unethical.

---

Intellectual Property Rights

Rights protecting creators' work.

Examples:

• Books
• Music
• Movies
• Software

Copyright Infringement

Using others' work without permission.

Example:

Downloading pirated movies.

---

Green Computing

Using technology in environmentally friendly ways.

Practices

✓ Turn off unused devices

✓ Use energy-saving equipment

✓ Reduce printing

✓ Recycle electronic waste

✓ Use online meetings

Social Engineering

 Social engineering tricks people into revealing confidential information.

Common Techniques

Technique	Meaning
Authority	Pretending to be a boss
Threat	Using fear
Scarcity	Limited-time offers
Urgency	Immediate action needed
Familiarity	Acting as someone you know
Trust	Building confidence

Example

"Your bank account will be blocked unless you click this link immediately."

Cybercrime and Cybercriminals

 

Cybercrime

Cybercrime refers to illegal activities carried out using computers or the Internet.

Examples

• Identity theft
• Online scams
• Credit card fraud
• Hacking
• Phishing

---

Types of Cybercriminals

a) Hacker

Someone who gains unauthorized access to a computer system.

b) Cracker

A hacker with malicious intentions such as:

• Stealing information
• Destroying data

c) Script Kiddie

An inexperienced person using ready-made hacking tools.

d) Hacktivist

An attacker motivated by political or social beliefs.

e) Cyberterrorist

Uses technology to create fear and disrupt society.

Risks Associated with Technology Use

 

What is Risk?

A risk is the possibility that something harmful may happen, causing injury, loss, or damage.

Digital Security Risk

A digital security risk is any event that may cause damage to:

• Computer hardware
• Software
• Data
• Information
• Processing capability

Examples

Situation	Risk
Clicking suspicious links	Malware infection
Sharing passwords	Account hacking
Using weak passwords	Unauthorized access
Downloading unknown software	Virus attack

Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1. Explain risks associated with technology use.
2. Identify cybercrimes and cybercriminals.
3. Discuss ethics and privacy issues.
4. Describe Internet and network attacks.
5. Explain methods to protect digital information.
6. Identify wireless security practices.
7. Understand authentication methods.
8. Explain organisational policies for digital safety.