21.1 Node
A node is any device connected to a network.
Examples:
- Laptop
- Smartphone
- Printer
- Server
- Tablet
21.2 Hub
A hub is a central connection point for devices in a network.
When a hub receives data, it transfers the data to all connected devices.
Key Limitation
A hub is less efficient because every device receives the transmitted data, even when the data is intended for only one device.
21.3 Switch
A switch connects devices within a network and sends data only to the intended recipient.
| Hub | Switch |
|---|---|
| Sends data to all connected devices | Sends data to the intended device |
| Less efficient | More efficient |
| Older and less secure approach | More commonly used in modern networks |
21.4 Router
A router connects two or more networks and directs data to the correct destination.
For example, a home router connects a local home network to the Internet.
Analogy
A router works like a traffic controller. It determines the correct route for each data packet.
21.5 Modem
A modem connects a computer or network to a communications channel, such as an Internet service.
A modem may connect a home or business network to an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Common Types of Modems
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Cable modem | Uses a cable television connection |
| DSL modem | Uses existing telephone wiring |
| Fibre modem or optical network terminal | Uses fibre-optic technology |
| Mobile broadband modem | Uses a cellular network |
Some technologies discussed in the original module, such as ISDN, ATM and T-carrier lines, are useful for understanding the development of networking but are less common in ordinary home networks today.
21.6 Wireless Access Point
A wireless access point allows wireless devices to connect to a network.
It is commonly used in:
- Offices
- Universities
- Hotels
- Shopping centres
- Large homes
Hardware Comparison Table
| Device | Main Purpose |
|---|---|
| Node | Participates in the network |
| Hub | Connects devices and broadcasts data |
| Switch | Connects devices and sends data to the correct device |
| Router | Connects different networks |
| Modem | Connects a network to an ISP |
| Wireless access point | Provides wireless network access |
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